Causes of a syncope or loss of consciousnes

A – Alcohol

E – Epilepsy with seizure activity

I – Infection

O – Overdose

U- Uremia (excess uremia in the blood as a result of kidney failure or inadequacy)

T – Trauma

I - Insulin (high or low BSL)

P – Poisoining

S – Stroke

Mnemonics In Pharmacology

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis
"Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane
Knowledge Level 6, System: Alimentary
Calvin Sy University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta
ABCD:
Alpha = Constrict.
Beta = Dilate.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Amiodarone: action, side effects [ID 1146]
6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism
Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular
Archana

Antiarrhythmics: class III members
BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Dr. Harsh Sharma and Robert O'Connor BJMC, Pune, India and University College Dublin

Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV
MBA College
In order of class I to IV:
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India



Beta blockers: B1 selective vs. B1-B2 non-selective
A through N: B1 selective: Acebutalol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol.
O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective: Pindolol, Propanalol, Timolol.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Amir Butt Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Beta blockers: members
"The NEPAL Prime Minister":
Timolol
Nadolol
Esmolol
Pindolol
Atenolol
Labetalol
Propranolol
Metoprolol
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Javaid H. Wani Spartan University School of Medicine, St. Lucia, W.I.

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions [
ABCDE:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers
"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Beta-blockers: side effects [
"BBC Loses Viewers In Rochedale":
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Claudication
Lipids
Vivid dreams & nightmares
-ve Inotropic action
Reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Ca++ channel blockers
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF
Angina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
Alternatively: "CHASM":
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF
Hypertension
Angina
Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects
CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Dr. Chetan Wasekar MBBS KEM Hospital

Optic nerve and Papilloedema

Optic nerve (cranial II)

If asked to examine the function of the optic nerve, one possible scheme
is AFRO: 3
AFRO
A Acuity
F Fields
R Reflexes (light/accommodation)
O Optic disc

Note: Do the optic discs last of all – using the bright light constricts the
pupil. PERLA is an acronym for Pupils Equal and Reactive to Light and
Accommodation.
Having examined the optic disc (or ‘papilla’) you may see it is choking in
fluid (choked disc = papilloedema). You will know this from the features
CCCP.


Papilloedema

The main features of the choked disc are given by CCCP.
CCCP
C Colour change…
C Contour and…
C Cupping imply…
P Papilloedema


Thanx to Dr.Khalid,London.

Acquired Cataract - Types

Types Of Acquired Cataract

Akki To Marry ACTRESS Katrina

Toxic

Osseous Diseases

Metabolic

Age (Senile )

Complicated

Traumatic

Radiation

Electric

Skin

Syndromes

Drugs causing cataract

Amiodarone

Busulphan

Chlorpromazine

Dexamethasone

Features of Behcet's Disease

ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis

Retinitis

Anterior uveitis

Leakage from retinal vessels

Ulceration (aphthous/genital)

Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)

Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)

Erythema nodosum

Thrombophlebitis

Features of Keratoconus: CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring

Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)

Nerves prominent

Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)

Striae (Vogt’s)